Showing posts with label renminbi. Show all posts
Showing posts with label renminbi. Show all posts

Friday, June 25, 2010

Currency manipulation: the case of China

China, Currency Manipulation and Globalism: The Big Backstory
Eric Ehrmann
The Hunfington Post, June 23, 2010

During the Cold War diplomats called US-China relations peaceful coexistence. Now, as G-20 nations again gather to sort out the flotsam and jetsam of the Bretton Woods system and mediate globalist greed, that coexistence has shape shifted into economic warfare.

While US treasury secretary Tim Geithner and his minions were buzzing up Chinese "currency manipulation" and linking it to AFL-CIO leader Rich Trumka's too little too late fulminations about loss of American jobs, Beijing orchestrated a two percent swing in the renminbi-dollar rate that has justifiably dampened profit taking by speculators and replicates renminbi market spreads against the Euro, the Japanese yen and the Brazilian real.

For those whose attention spans reside in the Tweetstream this classic, big government quick-fix sets up a back to the future paradigm for a failed post World War II economic order that was created largely by agents of Soviet -- not Chinese -- communism operating inside the US government like Harry Dexter White and his communist sympathizer counterpart John Maynard Keynes who was a consultant to the Bank of England which was still privately operated at that time. Ironically China was living in the era of the "backyard blast furnace" when Bretton Woods was rolled out and it is no secret that Chairman Mao's organization received US funding to conduct anti-Japanese operations during World War II .

The fact that business-to-business solutions alone can't fix the current set of monetary problems linked to sovereign debt flies in the face of the Capitalism 4.0 paradigm being floated by key members of the Davos-based World Economic Forum, projects ideological ambiguity among its leadership and invites irredentist critics to continue to propagate notions of a hidden world government that appeal to American nativists and some on the European right.

If the solution to this globalist red herring known as "currency manipulation" actually succeeds at placing the renminbi in a currency spread basket with the euro, the yen, the real and possibly other currencies, it harkens back to the mother of all "currency manipulations" orchestrated by Washington, the ill-fated Plaza Accords of 1985 during the free-market "Reagan revolution" by then US secretary of state James Baker, with his close ties to globalist oil interests.

What followed was an epidemic of protectionist policy some thought would reduce the huge current account surpluses held by major US trading partners -- notably Japan and West Germany. Like China today, they were buying US government bonds and other instruments to help finance the burgeoning US trade deficit.

While America's great communicator was telling Mikhail Gorbachev to "tear that wall down" nations holding big US paper were propping the US economy up and American's who vote like Joe the Plumber were the last to know about it. The strategy helped bring the downfall of the "evil empire" and the Soviet command economy. But while Plaza helped enhance the euphoria surrounding the end of the Cold War it created problems for Washington's major trading partners and hurt the purchasing power of working American families long before Rich Trumka got on his virtual soapbox.

The resulting economic downturn provided opportunities for free-market globalists to reduce the size of programs associated with democracies built on the social contract model. And it damaged the structural integrity of the US economy, creating that giant sucking sound Ross Perot identified with US jobs being outsourced to low wage nations, setting the stage for peak oil, scandals like Enron and the lack of sound regulatory mechanisms that helped spark the current economic crisis.

Ever since Chairman Mao and Zhou Enlai sat down with Henry Kissinger Beijing has placed more emphasis on growing its economy than on helping Washington contain Kremlin ambitions, one of the cards Kissinger dealt China during his breakthrough visit; the world will know the rest of them when his archives open five years after his death.

Just months after the 1971 meet-up Kissinger's boss on the line and block chart, US president Richard M. Nixon, announced an agreement to end the war in Vietnam, and shortly after that Iraq, Syria and Egypt ganged up on Israel in the Yom Kippur War that touched off a costly OPEC oil embargo.

As oil prices went up, jobs in the US moved from the unionized north to the Sun Belt, where most unions were viewed with disdain. After that many Sun Belt jobs moved south of the border courtesy of NAFTA. Globalists started importing inexpensive Chinese and Japanese goods to subsidize decades of decapitalization-investing outside the US, not in it- and outsourcing, effectively masking declining real wages and loss of purchasing power among working Americans.

US media assets have attempted to magnify the impact of the global crisis in China by characterizing Beijing's sale of $34.2 billion in US Treasury bonds last December as a sign of economic weakness. But according to US Treasury reports, that sale represented just 4.3 percent of China's total dollar bond holdings of about $754.5 billion. Over the past 12 months, meanwhile, China has maintained the economic wherewithal to invest $33 billion in projects to promote sustainable energy with president Lula's government in Brazil, and with the new government of Christian president Goodluck Jonathan in Nigeria. Not quite the economy on the ropes that CNN's resident globalist Fareed Zakaria says it is.

But while Washington puts the negative public diplomacy spotlight on China, Japan, with a current portfolio of about $769 billion, is the largest long term holder of US Treasury bonds. Thanks to US trade imbalances linked to its globalist induced dependence on foreign goods China and Japan hold more than $1.52 trillion in US Treasury instruments. That's about ten times the total amount of gold (148 million ounces) believed to be held at the US gold depository at Fort Knox, Kentucky. If Stan McChrystal wants to make the cover of Rolling Stone as often as Generalissimo Chaing Kai-Shek was on the cover of Time, he ought to start talking about that.

Former Kissinger aide Dr. Fred Bergsten, who has advised the government of China, says that a 20% upward revaluation of the the renminbi is not unreasonable. But Bergsten's construct would drive investors away from banking on China's economy and create the most disastrous global currency swings since Treasury secretary John Connally unilaterally took the US off the gold standard in 1972 on behalf of Richard Nixon.

After decades of playing supermarket sweepstakes with cheap Chinese goods American globalists are engaging in Cold War style brinkmanship that could broaden the income gap between developed regions in China and non-Mandarin speaking rural districts, creating political instability and presenting new risks for the crisis facing US economy. Such an inconvenient and risky strategy playing out in a neighboring nation would not be welcomed by Russian president Vladimir Putin and others in the Kremlin nor those heavily invested in the oil business in the region.

In today's information economy the globalist media place nations in economic groups like the Asian Tigers and the BRIC's and the CIVETS and play them off against each other. China is on the verge of becoming tagged as one of America's public diplomacy scapegoats. Mexico and Japan, who have been there before, can give Beijing lots of advice on how to deal with that problem.

Sunday, April 11, 2010

397) China: first trade deficit in years

China Sees First Trade Deficit in Years
By KEITH BRADSHER
The New York Times, April 10, 2010, page B4

HONG KONG — China announced on Saturday that it had a trade deficit of $7.24 billion last month, its first monthly trade deficit in nearly six years, as imports jumped along with a surging domestic economy while exports grew more modestly.

Chinese New Year came late this year, falling on Feb. 14, which hurt factory production on the coast in early March. Many migrant workers travel home for two weeks for the celebration, and they were slow to return to their coastal plants in large numbers because there are now many jobs available in construction, retailing and other industries in the country’s interior.

According to the official Xinhua news agency, China’s General Administration of Customs said the March reading was the first trade deficit since April 2004. China had a trade surplus of $7.6 billion in February and $14.2 billion in January.

Top commerce ministry officials in Beijing had warned repeatedly over the last three weeks that China would run a trade deficit in March. They cited the risk of a monthly deficit as part of their broader campaign to prevent the government from letting the country’s currency, known as the renminbi or yuan, rise against the dollar and other foreign currencies.

After letting the renminbi appreciate gradually against the dollar from 2005 to 2008, the government has kept the renminbi at about 6.83 to the dollar since July 2008, spending hundreds of billions of dollars on currency market intervention to prevent it from appreciating. The weakness of the renminbi has helped China capture a rising share of export markets in the United States, the European Union and elsewhere during the global downturn.

But the commerce ministry has lost its battle to preserve the renminbi’s informal peg to the dollar and the Chinese government will soon adopt a new currency policy, including a small rise in the renminbi against the dollar and wider day-to-day variation in the currency’s value, people familiar with the emerging consensus in Beijing said on Thursday and Friday.

These people, who insisted on anonymity because of the diplomatic and financial sensitivity of the issue, said that China would shift its currency policy in the coming days. But investment bank economists were generally skeptical on Friday, saying that any change would take weeks, not days.

The March deficit was much larger than the consensus estimate of Western economists, who had been anticipating a deficit of less than $1 billion. Chinese officials have long been wary of trade deficits, after monthly deficits in 1993 and early 1994 depleted the country’s foreign exchange reserves.

But after accumulating $2.4 trillion in foreign exchange reserves, trade deficits have become less of a monetary policy issue. Commerce ministry officials have warned, however, that if trade deficits reflect weak overseas demand and exports stumble, then layoffs at export factories could eventually increase unemployment and hurt social stability.

Friday, April 9, 2010

394) Renminbi undervaluation - Arvind Subramanian (IIE)

New PPP-Based Estimates of Renminbi Undervaluation and Policy Implications
Arvind Subramanian
Peterson Institute for International Economy, Policy Brief 10-8

New estimates by Arvind Subramanian for the undervaluation of the Chinese currency based on the purchasing power parity (PPP) approach find that the renminbi is undervalued by approximately 30 percent rather than the 12 percent that has been widely reported. Subramanian applies new insights about the way PPP data are compiled, uses new data that have become available, and corrects existing estimates for the biases in the data in order to attain a more accurate estimation of China's currency undervaluation.

Corrective action must be taken not only to help China itself but to prevent its currency undervaluation from harming the rest of the world. The real victims of China's currency policies, argues Subramanian, are other emerging-market and developing countries because they compete more closely with China. It is crucial that the subject be broached delicately and with humility and that a multilateral approach be taken with China, most likely by going through the World Trade Organization.

>> Read full policy brief [pdf]
>> See also related event

Wednesday, April 7, 2010

373) Renminbi manipulation - Martin Wolf (Financial Times)

A manipulação do renminbi
Por Martin Wolf
Valor Econômico, 07/04/2010


Subvalorização torna-se um perigo para a durabilidade da recuperação mundial

A superpotência em exercício pestanejou em seu confronto com a ascendente: o Tesouro dos Estados Unidos decidiu adiar o relatório que sairia em 15 de abril avaliando se a China manipula as taxas de câmbio. Como há um programa de consultas bilaterais e multilaterais em andamento, de fato foi adequado dar uma chance a essas discussões antes de tomar qualquer ação.

A China manipula o câmbio? Sim. A China interveio em escala gigantesca para manter sua taxa de câmbio baixa. Entre janeiro de 2000 e o fim de 2009, as reservas internacionais da China subiram US$ 2,240 trilhões; depois de julho de 2008, quando a política de valorização gradual do renminbi em relação ao dólar iniciada três anos antes foi interrompida, as reservas subiram US$ 600 bilhões; e as reservas atualmente estão próximas a 50% do Produto Interno Bruto (PIB). Por fim, houve esforços imensos voltados a restringir os efeitos inflacionários da intervenção.

Portanto, a China controlou a valorização tanto das taxas de câmbio reais como nominais. Isso, certamente, é manipulação cambial. Também é protecionismo, por ser equivalente a uma tarifa uniforme e a subsídios às exportações. O primeiro-ministro do país, Wen Jiabao, protestou contra desvalorizar a própria moeda e tentar pressionar os outros a valorizá-la, com o propósito de elevar as exportações. "Em minha visão, isso é protecionismo", disse Jiabao. É a China falando para os EUA se olharem no espelho.

Alguns economistas, no entanto, contestam esse controle da valorização, e apresentam quatro contra-argumentos: primeiro, embora a intervenção seja imensa, a distorção é pequena; segundo, o impacto no balanço de pagamentos mundial é modesto; terceiro, os desequilíbrios mundiais não são importantes; e, por fim, o problema, embora real, está sendo resolvido. Vamos considerar cada um desses pontos.

Quanto ao primeiro, as estimativas sobre a extensão da subvalorização variam profundamente: alguns até argumentam que o renminbi está sobrevalorizado. Em parte, isso é resultado de metodologias contrastantes - paridade do poder de compra contra taxas de câmbio de equilíbrio fundamental (Feer, na sigla em inglês) - e, em parte, de diferentes suposições sobre o ponto de partida mais adequado. Se, por exemplo, a população chinesa fosse livre para exportar suas economias, a saída de capital poderia ser ainda maior do que a intervenção atual. Mas se o mundo fosse livre para comprar ativos chineses, a entrada de capital também dispararia. Quem não iria querer um pedaço da economia mais dinâmica do mundo?

De forma plausível, a subvalorização é considerável, possivelmente de até 25%, no critério ponderado pelo comércio, e de 40% em relação ao dólar, segundo sugeriu Fred Bergsten, do Peterson Institute for International Economics. A estimativa da taxa de câmbio real ponderada pelo comércio do JP Morgan é apenas 10% acima do patamar médio desde o início de 1994, mesmo com a China sendo a economia de maior crescimento do mundo durante o período. Também se desvalorizou 8% desde outubro de 2008. Isso é certamente peculiar.

Quando ao segundo ponto, Stephen Roach, do Morgan Stanley, argumenta que diferenças no comportamento da poupança determinam o balanço de conta corrente e que o superávit chinês não pode determinar o déficit geral dos EUA.

Não acho nenhum dos argumentos persuasivo. Se a moeda chinesa influenciar as taxas de câmbio do dólar em relação aos concorrentes da China, como certamente faz, definitivamente afetará os balanços multilaterais. Além disso, um dos argumentos que apresento em meu livro (recentemente atualizado) "Fixing Global Finance" (Consertando as Finanças Mundiais, em inglês) é o de que as taxas de câmbio reais também determinam os níveis de poupança em cada país, não apenas o inverso. Isso ocorre porque os governos se importam com o PIB. A taxa de câmbio real subvalorizada da China gerou uma contribuição para as exportações líquidas de 5,6% do PIB entre 2006 e 2008. O governo chinês não tinha motivos para tentar reduzir o superávit de poupança na época: dirigiu-se às exportações líquidas. Mas quando as exportações líquidas despencaram em 2009, derrubando 3,9 pontos percentuais do PIB, as autoridades chinesas agiram para reduzir o superávit na poupança, expandindo o crédito doméstico e promovendo investimentos.

Roach também ressalta a poupança líquida dos EUA insignificante dos dias atuais. Mas isso, também, é resultado de uma compensação fiscal ao aumento nos superávits de poupança do setor privado. Por que isso foi necessário? A resposta é que, com um colossal déficit estrutural em conta corrente, um aumento na poupança privada nos EUA teria, de outra forma, criado uma depressão. Em resumo, superávits de poupança são uma variável de política, não um fato estabelecido.

Sobre o terceiro ponto, sim, os desequilíbrios são importantes. Isso ocorre, em parte, pela forma que assumem. Como Anton Brender e Florence Pisani argumentam em um estudo brilhante para o Centro para Estudos de Política Europeia (Ceps), a característica distintiva dos fluxos de capital das economias emergentes é que ocorreram na forma de reservas - um aumento total próximo a US$ 6 trilhões na década de 2000*. Isso levou a aumentos imensos na demanda por ativos líquidos e seguros. Nosso perspicaz setor financeiro fabricou tais ativos no atacado, com ingredientes "subprime", cujos resultados agora vemos.

Os desequilíbrios também são importantes porque terão um grande impacto na recuperação. Como Mark Carney, presidente do Banco do Canadá, destacou em recente discurso, se os desequilíbrios permanecerem, há dois resultados concebíveis: ou os países com grandes déficits externos continuam com déficits fiscais enormes até que as taxas de juros mundiais comecem a subir, excluindo do mapa os investimentos privados e, por fim, reduzindo o potencial de crescimento; ou os países com déficits começam a reduzir pesadamente seus déficits fiscais, sem qualquer mudança que sirva de contrabalanço nos países superavitários, caso em que haveria uma demanda mundial deficiente.

Quanto ao quarto ponto, Jim O´Neill, economista-chefe do Goldman Sachs, argumenta que o superávit chinês está deixando de ser um fator significativo. É verdade que caiu pela metade, enquanto proporção do PIB, desde 2007. A questão é se essa mudança é estrutural ou resultado de medidas temporárias e excepcionais. O Banco Mundial ainda espera que a conta corrente da China se estabilize em altos patamares, com as exportações líquidas encaminhando-se a representar uma contribuição positiva para o crescimento. A economia de maior expansão econômica do mundo estaria exportando desemprego. O´Neill está se adiantando demais.

Concluo que o renminbi está subvalorizado, que isso é perigoso para a durabilidade da recuperação mundial e que as ações da China, até agora, não trouxeram uma solução durável. Também concluo que o reequilíbrio é uma condição necessária para uma recuperação sustentável, que mudanças na competitividade são uma condição necessária para o reequilíbrio, que a valorização real do renminbi é necessária para mudar a competitividade e que a alta da moeda é necessária para uma valorização real, tendo em vista o desejo dos chineses de coibir a inflação.

Os EUA estiveram certos ao dar uma chance às discussões. Mas as discussões precisam levar a alguma ação.

*Global Imbalances and the Collapse of Globalised Finance, CEPS, 2010(Desequilíbrios Mundiais e o Colapso das Finanças Globalizadas, em inglês)

Martin Wolf é editor e principal comentarista econômico do FT